4:27b). Therefore, we would expect the Mountain of God (= Mt. Sinai/Horeb) to be located somewhere along the Trans-Sinai Highway.Based on the travel t

inary assessment is that the mountain fits the
Biblical requirements very well: 1. It is located at the eastern end of the Trans-Sinai Highway (Exod. 4:20, 27). 2. It is located near Midian. Moses pastured the flock of Jethro at Sinai (Exod. 3:1) and Jethro and Hobab, Moses’ brother-in-law, both visited Moses while he was at Mt. Sinai with the Israelites (Exod. 18:5; Num. 10:29–30). 3. It is in the right location­approximately two month’s journey from Rameses (Exod. 19:1; Num. 33:3), and 11 day’s journey from Kadesh Barnea (Deut. 1:2). 4. It is in the territory of Edom (Deut. 33:2, Judges 5:4; Hab. 3:3). In addition to meeting these Biblical requirements, Gebel Khashm et-Tarif is a low mountain (2,870 ft.), in accordance with Jewish tradition. Israeli investigator Uzi Avner located 33 rectangular "open air sanctuaries"east and south of the mountain (1984: 120–21). Each one is ca. 25 x 50 ft.in size and comprised of a single row of stones. Religious shrines do not normally appear in such large numbers in a single location. They are typically individual structures with cultic material inside. No cultic material was found in association with the buildings at Gebel Khashm et-Tarif. A far more reasonable hypothesis is that the structures are domestic in nature, perhaps stones placed around the periphery of tents. Gebel Khashm Et-Tarif: Could this be Mount Sinai?During the brief visit of the ABR team in March 2007 we discovered five similar buildings south of the mountain, suggesting there are many more such structures in the vicinity. Are the buildings the remains of an ancient campsite? In order to postulate a connection between the buildings and the Israelites, it is necessary to demonstrate that they date to the time of the Exodus. Dating the buildings at Gebel Khashm et-Tarif will be a major objective of future ABR research.Bibliography Avner, Uzi1984 Ancient Cult Sites in the Negev and Sinai Deserts. Tel Aviv 11: 115–31, Pls. 13–24.Crew, Bruce R.2002 Did Edom's Original Territories Extend West of the 'Wadi Arabah? Bible and Spade 15: 2–10.Wood, Bryant G.2000 Beneath the Surface: An Editorial Comment. Bible and Spade 13: 98–99. Recommended Resources for Further Study NIV ArchaeologicalStudy Bible Bible and SpadeCD ROM Archaeology and the Old Testament Please help ABR continue to post these freearticles by making a donation of any size today. Donate



Nahum, Nineveh and Those Nasty Assyrians
Tags: nahum, nineveh, assyria, iraq, ashurbanipal, nabopolassar, british museum, thebes--> This article was first published in the Fall 2003 issue of Bible and Spade.If I mentioned the city Nineveh, what would come to your mind? Most likely you would say Jonah. We have all heard the story about Jonah being swallowed by the great fish and then going to Nineveh to preach against the city. His message was short and to the point, “Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown” (Jon 3:4, all Scripture quotes are from the NKJV). The city, from the king to the dogcatcher, repented. Have you ever wondered what happened to Nineveh after that? The short prophetic book of Nahum tells us “the rest of the story.”The Date of the Book of NahumScholars have long debated the date of the book of Nahum. A wide range of dates has been suggested, from the eighth century BC (Feinberg 1951:126, 148) to the Maccabean period, early second century BC (Haupt 1907). Yet, the book gives us internal chronological parameters to date the book. Nahum describes the conquest of Thebes (No-Amon) by Ashurbanipal II in 663 BC as a past event, thus the book could not have been written before that date. The entire book is a prediction of the fall of the city of Nineveh in 612 BC. Thus, the book was written somewhere between 663 and 612 BC.A case can be made for the proclamation of the message, and writing of the book, about 650 BC. If this is the correct date, the Spirit of God used this book to put King Manasseh into a position where he could come to faith and bring Judah back to the LORD. Up until this point in the reign of King Manasseh, the kingdom, led by the king, was “more evil than the nations whom the LORD had destroyed before the children of Israel” (2 Chr 33:9). The LORD sent seers (prophets) to speak to the nation, but the nation would not listen to the Word of God (33:10, 18). While not named, one of the seers was probably Nahum. His vision concerning the total destruction of Nineveh would be seen by the Assyrian overlords as fomenting rebellion and insurrection, and possibly seen as support for Shamash-shum-ukin, the king of Babylon, in his current civil war with his brother Ashurbanipal II. If a copy of the book of Nahum fell into the hands of the Assyrian intelligence community stationed at the Assyrian administrative centers of Samaria, Dor, Megiddo or Hazor, King Manasseh would have had to give account for this book. The Biblical record states,the LORD brought upon them [Judah] the captains of the army of the king of Assyria, who took Manasseh with hooks, bound him with bronze fetters, and carried him off to Babylon (2 Chr 33:11).Relief of Elamites being tortured during the time of Ashurbanipal. From the palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh, now in the British Museum. The two Elamites shown on this portion of the relief are being skinned alive.This event would have transpired in 648 BC, the year that Ashurbanipal II temporarily ruled Babylon after he eliminated his brother as a result of the four-year civil war (Rainey 1993:160).Dragging someone off with hooks in their nose would be in keeping with Ashurbanipal’s character. In the excavations of Sam’al (Zincirli, in southern Turkey) a stela was found depicting Esarhaddon holding two leashes attached to the nose-rings of Baal of Tyre and Usanahuru, a crown prince of Egypt (see front cover). Flanking the stela, watching intently, is Esarhaddon’s son Ashurbanipal on the left and his brother Samas-sumu-ukin on the right. Ashurbanipal observed his father’s brutality and followed his example (Parpola and Watanabe 1988:20, 21).During Manasseh’s interrogation by Ashurbanipal II (and it must have been a brutal one—the text used the word “afflicted”).He implored the LORD his God, and humbled himself greatly before the God of his fathers, and prayed to Him; and He received his entreaty, heard his supplication, and brought him back to Jerusalem into his kingdom. Then Manasseh knew that the LORD was God (2 Chr 33:12&ndashRosetta Stone Japanese

Nimrod as a mighty hunter founded a powerful kingdom; and the founding of this kingdom is shown by the verb with consecutive to have been the conseque

f grace (loc. cit.).After the Flood there was, at some point, a break-away from YHWH. Only eight people descended from the Ark. Those people worshipped YHWH. But at some point an influential person became opposed to YHWH and gathered others to his side. I suggest that Nimrod is the one who did it. Cain had done similarly before the Flood, founding a new city and religious system.Our English translation of the Hebrew of Genesis 10:8-10 is weak. The author of this passage of Scripture will not call Gilgamesh by his name and honor him, but is going to call him by a derisive name, what he really is­a rebel. Therefore we should translate Genesis 10:8-10 to read: Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a tyrant in the earth. He was a tyrannical hunter in opposition to the Lord. Thus it is said. ‘Nimrod the tyrannical opponent of YHWH.’Likewise, Gilgamesh was a man who took control by his own strength. In Genesis 10 Nimrod is presented as a type of him. Nimrod’s descendents were the ones who began building the tower in Babel where the tongues were changed. Gilgamesh is a type of early city founders. (Page numbers are from Heidel 1963)He is a “shepherd” .............. page 18From Uruk ............................. page 17 (Kramer 1959: 31 calls Uruk Erech.)A giant .................................... page 17 (11 cubits)Builds cities .......................... page 17Vile man “takes women” .... page 18Mighty hunter ......................... page 18Nimrod started his kingdom at Babylon (Gn 10:10). Babylon later reached its zenith under Nebuchadnezzar (sixth century BC). Pictured are mudbrick ruins of Nebuchadnezzar’s city along with ancient wall lines and canals.Gilgamesh Confronts YHWH The name of YHWH rarely appears in extra-Biblical literature in the Ancient Near East. Therefore we would not expect to find it in the Gilgamesh epic. But why should the God of the Jews rarely be mentioned? The Hebrew Bible is replete with the names of other gods.On the other hand, the nations surely knew of Him even though they had no respect for Him. If so, how might His Name appear in their literature, if at all? The name of YHWH, in a culture which is in rebellion against His rule, would most likely be in a derisive form, not in its true form. Likewise, the writers of Scripture would deride the rebels.Originally established by Nimrod (Gn 10:11), and today known as Nimrud, Calah became an important city in Iraq. This is an artist’s reconstruction of the interior of Tiglath-pileser III’s palace (late seventh century BC).Putting the Bible and the Gilgamesh Epic Together The Gilgamesh Epic describes the first “God is dead” movement. In the Epic, the hero is a vile, filthy, perverted person, yet he is presented as the greatest, strongest, hero that ever lived (Heidel 1963: 18). So that the one who sent the Flood wilt not trouble them anymore, Gilgamesh sets out to kill the perpetrator. He takes with him a friend who is a monstrous half-man, half-animal­Enkidu. Together they go on a long journey to the Cedar Mountain to find and destroy the monster who sent the Flood. Gilgamesh finds him and finally succeeds in cutting off the head of this creature whose name is “Huwawa” (“Humbaba” in the Assyrian version; see Heidel 1963: 34ff).Is there a connection with the Gilgamesh epic and Genesis 10? Note what Gilgamesh says to Enkidu the half man, half beast, who accompanied him on his journey, found in Tablet III, lines 147-150. “If I fall,” Gilgamesh says, “I will establish a name for myself. Gilgamesh is fallen, they will say, in combat with terrible Huwawa.”But the next five lines are missing from all tablets found so far! Can we speculate on what they say? Let’s try...We suggest that those five lines include: “But if I win,...they will say, Gilgamesh, the mighty vanquisher of Huwawa!” Why do we say that? Because Genesis 10:9 gives us the portion missing from the Gilgamesh tablets. Those lines include... “it is said, Nimrod (or Gilgamesh) the mighty vanquisher of YHWH” This has to be what is missing from all the clay tablets of the Gilgamesh story. The Gilgamesh Epic calls him Huwawa; the Bible calls Him YHWH.Part of Nimrod’s kingdom (Gn 10:11), Nineveh along the Tigris River continued to be a major city in ancient Assyria. Today adjacent to modern Mosul, the ruins of ancient Nineveh are centered on two mounds, the acropolis at Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunis (Arabic “Prophet Jonah”). Pictured is Sennacherib’s “palace without rival” on Kuyunjik, constructed at the end of the seventh century BC and excavated by Henry Layard in the early 20th century.Heidel, speaking of the incident as it is found on Tablet V says: All we can conclude from them [the lost lines] is that Gilgamesh and Enkidu cut off the head of Humbaba (or Huwawa) and that the expedition had a successful issue [ending] (1963: 47).The missing lines from the Epic are right there in the Bible!Because of the parallels between Gilgamesh and Nimrod, many scholars agree that Gilgamesh is Nimrod. Continuing with Gilgamesh’s fable, he did win, he did vanquish Huwawa and took his head. Therefore he could come back to Uruk and other cities and tell the people not to worry about YHWH anymore, he is dead. ‘“I killed him over in the Lebanon mountains. So just live however you like, I will be your king and take care of you.”Often attributed to Nimrod, the Tower of Babel (Gn 11:1-9) was not a Jack and the Beanstalk-type of construction, where people were trying to build a structure to get into heaven. Instead it is best understood as an ancient ziggurat (Assyrian “mountaintop”), as the one pictured at ancient Ur of the Chaldees, Abraham’s hometown (Gn 11:31). A ziggurat was a man-made structure with a temple at its top, built to worship the host of heaven.There are still other parallels between the Bible and the Gilgamesh epic: “YaHWeH” has a somewhat similar sound to “Huwawa.” Gilgamesh did just as the “sons of god” in Genesis 6 did. The “sons of god” forcibly took men’s wives. The Epic says that is precisely what Gilgamesh did. The Bible calls Nimrod a tyrant, and Gilgamesh was a tyrant. There was a flood in the Bible, there is a flood in the Epic. Cush is mentioned in the Bible, Kish in the Epic. Erech is mentioned in Scripture, Uruk was Gilgamesh’s city. Gilgamesh made a trip to see the survivor of the Flood. This was more likely Ham than Noah, since “Nimrod” was Ham’s grandson! Historically. Gilgamesh was of the first dynasty of Uruk. As Jacobsen points out (1939: 157), kings before Gilgamesh may be fictional, but not likely. The fact that the Gilgamesh epic also contains the Deluge story would indicate a close link with events immediately following the Flood, S.N. Kramer says: A few years ago one would have strongly doubted his (historical) existence...we now have the certitude that the time of Gilgamesh corresponds to the earliest period of Mesopotamian history. (Kramer 1959: 117)What a contrast Psalm 2 is compared with the Gilgamesh Epic!



The Dating of Hazor's Destruction in Joshua 11 Via Biblical, Archaeological, and Epigraphical Evidence
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Ingermanson has written two analyses of the Talpiot names,

one a discussion for the statistics novice (2007), and another, more technical paper co-authored with Jay Cost (2007).These analyses examine the statistical work of Dr. Andrey Feuerverger, the mathematician whose statistical work was used in the Discovery Channel documentary in favor of the Talpiot tomb being the Jesus Family Tomb, and offer independent conclusions. Briefly, Randy argues that the names are common and the combination of these names in the tombs does not amount to a statistical slam dunk at all. Tabor recently posted a new statistical analysis of the names in the tomb that, in part, disputes Ingermanson’s method and conclusions. The paper is entitled, “Probability, Statistics, and the Talpiot Tomb” (Kilty and Elliott 2007). It is authored by Dr. Kevin Kilty, whose PhD is in geophysics, and Mark Elliott, whose PhD is from the University of Arizona in Near Eastern Studies. Both teach at Laramie County Community College. Tabor touts this paper as the answer to those who would argue that the combination of names is not statistically significant. He writes:[This paper] is exceptionally clear in argument, thoroughly academic in approach and method, and in my view advances the discussion of the Talpiot tomb to a new level. I believe that this paper clears the air on any number of convoluted issues, but particularly the matter of whether or not the cluster of names found in the tomb are common and statistically insignificant, or rare and unique (2007c).Tabor’s enthusiasm for this paper exceeds the paper’s merits. To date there has been no published response to the paper, but one is in process, in conjunction with a lengthy response to Feuerverger’s original statistical analysis. Feuerverger’s work, which formed the basis for the Discovery Channel documentary’s statistical claims, actually never underwent peer-review. Feuerverger’s work, along with a lengthy response by Dr. Ingermanson that will be relevant to Kilty and Elliott’s criticisms, is scheduled for publication in a peer-reviewed journal sometime in 2008. While I am not a statistician, I have one thought on the Kilty and Elliot paper. While Tabor wants his blog readers to think that the paper evidences tight thinking, it appears that their statistical analysis needs a methodological logic check in at least one place. Tabor is eager to point out that what makes Yoseh important is the fact that this shortened form for Joseph (Yehoseph) is rare, occurring only three other times. However, these three other occurrences are in Hebrew (Yodh-Samech-Heh or Yodh-Waw-Samech-Heh). Everyone in the discussion admits that the Greek term in Mark 6:3 is an abbreviation or nickname for the longer “Joseph.” What seems to be missed by Tabor, and now Kilty and Elliott as well, is that we cannot argue that the shortened Greek form has a one-to-one correspondence to the shortened Hebrew Yoseh. That is, it is possible that Jesus’ brother ‘Iωση never went by Hebrew Yoseh, but by the longer Yehoseph. The Greek ‘Iωση is a nickname for either long or short name in Hebrew. This needs to be factored into any statistical analysis. Tabor’s third line of argumentation is that the Talpiot tomb could have belonged to Joseph of Arimathea, circumventing the objection that Jesus and his family could not have afforded such a family tomb. Tabor writes:Nearly everyone seems to assume that the gospels report that Joseph of Arimathea took the corpse of Jesus and laid it in his own new tomb late Friday night. A group of women, Mary Magdalene and others, followed, noting the location of the tomb. Sunday morning when they visited, to complete the Jewish rites of burial, the tomb was empty. The problem with this assumption is that our best evidence indicates that this tomb, into which Jesus was temporarily placed, did not belong to Joseph of Arimathea. Mark, our earliest account,says the following:And he [Joseph of Arimathea] bought a linen shroud, and taking him down, wrapped him in the linen shroud and laid him in a tomb that had been hewn out of the rock; and he rolled a stone against the door of the tomb” (Mark 15:46).John’s gospel, reflecting an independent tradition, offers a further explanation:Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb where no one had ever been laid. So because of the Jewish day of Preparation, as thetomb was close at hand, they laid Jesus there (John 19:41–42).Mark does not explain the choice of the tomb, but according to the gospel of John this initial burial of Jesus by Joseph of Arimathea was a temporary, emergency measure, with the Passover Sabbath hours away. It was a burial of necessity and opportunity. This particular tomb was chosen because it was unused and happened to be near. The idea that this tomb belonged to Joseph of Arimathea makes no sense. What are the chances that he would just happen to have his own new family tomb conveniently located near the Place of the Skull, or Golgotha, where the Romans regularly crucified their victims? Mark indicates that the intention of those involved to complete the full and proper rites of Jewish burial after Passover. Given these circumstances, one would expect the body of Jesus to be placed in a second tomb as a permanent resting place. This second tomb would presumably be one that either belonged to, or was provided by, Joseph of Arimathea, who had both the means and the will to honor Jesus and his family in this way. Accordingly, one would not expect the permanent tomb of Jesus, and subsequently his family, to be near Golgotha, but in a rock-hewn tomb elsewhere in Jerusalem. These circumstances also address the issue that some have raised that the Talpiot tomb could not be that of Jesus since he is poor and from Galilee. James, the brother of Jesus, becomes leader of the Jesus movement following Jesus’ death in 30 CE (2007a).I would agree that the wording of Mark 15:46 and John 19:41–42 could suggest that Jesus was hurriedly buried for expediency and then reburied in Joseph of Arimathea’s tomb. This reading is possible. However, it does not support the idea that the Talpiot tomb is the Jesus family tomb, nor can it. The reason is simple: there is not a single point of data that links the Talpiot tomb with Joseph of Arimathea. This is complete speculation on the part of Tabor, carefully crafted to lead uninitiated readers into thinking they are reading a coherent argument, when in fact they are not. This kind of crafted leap on Tabor’s part demonstrates his propensity at constructing history rather than reconstructing it. Introducing a new hypothesis is fine, being an expected part of the scholarly enterprise. It is even better, however, when such newly introduced hypotheses are fairly tested. When a scholar introduces a theory and then frames questions in such a way that there is only the guise of testing, a methodological—and I would say an ethical—line has been crossed. Framing questions in a way that biases them in favor of a hypothesis is not the scientific method. One is not supposed to frame questions so as to allow for or even move toward certain answers. It is to frame questions that allow the data to speak for itself, whether clearly or otherwise, and then live with the results. As this paper and the work of others has shown, Tabor exempts the data from certain questions, and then frames the questions in such a way as to give life to preconceived conclusions.CONCLUSIONI often ask myself the question, what drives people like Dr.Tabor to take the positions they hold? I do not think Dr. Tabor is part of the militant atheism we have seen growing more restless in the past few years. He seems too kind for that, both in print and in personal communications we have had. He just lacks the militant spirit, at least in my experience. Rather, I think Professor Tabor just cannot seem to accept that all scholarship—his included—is not about who is less a supernaturalist than whom, as if greater skepticism translates into more careful scholarship. There is no necessary cause-and-effect relationship there. Rather

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Unfortunately they were closed

but we could get a clear feel for the terrain around the excavations. Near the enclosure for the excavations was the Church of Tas-Silg, a very prominent building in the region. On Friday, January 14, we walked around the point where St. Thomas Tower is located and then along the edge of the low cliffs to St. Thomas Bay. There was no wind so the sea was flat and no waves were breaking on the Munxar Reef. On Sunday, January 16, however, a very strong windstorm hit Malta. I returned to St. Thomas Bay and walked out to the point overlooking the Munxar Reef. The waves clearly indicated the line of the Munxar Reef. After watching the waves, I turned around to observe the terrain behind me. Up the slopes of the hill the Church of Tas-Silg and the enclosure wall of the Tas-Silg excavations were clearly visible. Just to confirm the visibility from Tas-Silg, I walked along dirt paths and through fields up to the enclosure wall. As I stood on the outside of the wall, just opposite the Roman temple, I looked down and could see the waves breaking on the Munxar Reef. There was eye contact between the outer Munxar Reef and this important shrine with no apparent obstruction in the line of view. If I could see the Munxar Reef then someone at the Munxar Reef could have seen me and the elevated terrain landmarks around me such as the prominent Temple of Juno.If the Apostle Paul’s ship was anchored near the Munxar Reef, when it was morning, the sea captain and the sailors immediately would have recognized where they were. Luke, who was on board the ship, testifies that they did not recognize where they were (Acts 27:39). Thus the Munxar Reef does not meet the Biblical criteria for the shipwreck of Paul.Is the "Meeting of two seas" at the Munxar Reef? (Acts 27:41)When the sea captain gave the orders for the ropes of the four anchors to be cut, Luke says they struck "a place where two seas meet" (Acts 27:41). The Greek words for "two seas meet" is transliterated, "topon dithalasson." The meaning of these two Greek words, "two seas meet," has been translated in the book as "place of two seas" (2003: 71), "a place where two seas meet" (2003: 217), "two seas meet" (2003: 29, 73, 194), and "a place between waters" (2003: 29).Mr. Cornuke gives three possible meanings for this Greek phrase on page 82 of his book and footnotes it as his #16. Footnote 16 is page 148 of Joseph Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (1893). When one examines Thayer’s definition of topon dithalasson, he gives more definitions than Mr. Cornuke gives in his book. Thayer starts off by saying it means, "resembling [or forming] two seas." Also "lying between two seas, i.e. washed by the sea on both sides... an isthmus." If we take these omitted meanings into consideration, it opens up other possibilities on the island for the location of the shipwreck.There have been other studies done on the Greek phrase topon dithalasson which appears only once in the Greek New Testament (Gilchrist 1996: 42-46). Professor Mario Buhagiar, of the University of Malta, cautions that this term "does not offer any real help because it can have several meanings and the way it is used in Acts 27:41, does not facilitate an interpretation. A place where two seas meet (Authorised and Revised versions) and a cross sea (Knox Version) are the normally accepted translations but any beach off a headland (Liddell and Scott) or an isthmus whose extremity is covered by the waves (Grimms and Thayer), as indeed most water channels, can qualify as the place where the boat grounded. The truth is that the Acts do not give us sufficient clues to help in the identification of the site" (Buhagiar 1997: 200).There are other locations on the island that fit the description of the lying between two seas and an isthmus.Is the "bay with a beach" at St. Thomas Bay? (Acts 27:39)In introducing this passage, Mr. Cornuke remarks, "The Bible states that sailors aboard Paul’s ship, having anchored off the coast of Malta in a near hurricane, peered out at the horizon at midnight on the fourteenth night, and ... observed a bay with a beach" (2003: 27). Actually, verse 39 states, "Now when it was day..." (NKJV), "And when day came..." (NASB), "And when it was day..." (KJV). It was not midnight as stated in the book. If it were at midnight, and especially during a gragale, it would be pitch black and they would not have been able to see anything.There is a second problem with Mr. Cornuke’s identification. According to Map 3, the ship was anchored on the south side of the Munxar Reef before the ropes were cut. More than likely in the First Century AD, the sea captain would not have been able to see the low-level beach of St. Thomas Bay from where he was anchored though the elevated landmarks would have been visible and recognizable.Geographers who study land forms are well aware that coastlines change over time. This could be a result of silting, as in the case of Marsa and the Marsascala Bay. Erosion by the sea is always going on. Seismic activity could change coastlines as well. Malta has many fault lines on or around it that could move land mass up, down or sideways. A certain depth in the sea, or elevation on land, today might not necessarily be what it was 1,000 or 2,000 years ago. Tsunamis are known in the Mediterranean Sea, and several have been recorded in the history of Malta. In 1693 a tsunami hit the island of Gozo. The water receded a mile and then returned with a vengeance (Azzopardi 2002: 60). Shifting sand moved by a tsunami could have changed the contour of the seabed.A careful look at Map 2 with a magnifying glass reveals that the Munxar Reef is above the waterline and has what appeared to be three small islands. Unfortunately this map is not identified; nor is there a date given for when or by whom it was produced.The D’Aleccio map of the siege of Malta in 1565 was produced and published in 1582. On that map, the Munxar Reef appears as a series of small islands or a peninsula (Ganado 1984: Plate 18).An Internet search revealed the Boisgelin Map of Malta produced in 1805, but I have not examined this map first hand. The Munxar Reef looked like the horn of a unicorn. Geographically, it could be a peninsula or a series of small islands.The earliest known map of Malta was produced in 1536 (Vella 1980). Map 2 must be later than this one, as are the D’Aleccio and Boisgelin maps. They tell us that at least in the 16th century there were three small islands, or a peninsula, above the Munxar Reef. The question is, what was the reef like in the First Century AD? According to the "Geological Map of the Maltese Islands" (Map 1, 1993) the cliff overlooking the Munxar Reef is made of Middle Globigerina Limestone. It is described as "a planktonic foraminifera-rich sequence of massive, white, soft carbonate mudstones locally passing into pale-grey marly mudstone." Assuming the small islands and/or peninsula were made of the same material, over 2,000 years this soft limestone would have eroded away by the constant wave action and occasional tsunamis. If this is the case, it raises some interesting questions: Were the small islands bigger, or was it a peninsula in the First Century AD? If so, how high was the land and how far out did it go? If it were higher than the grain ship, then it would lead to serious questions as to whether the captain could see the beach at all. It might have even been impossible to cross over it by sea in order to reach the beach.The Six Anchors (Acts 27: 28-30, 40)Mr. Cornuke interviewed people, primarily old divers and spear fishermen, who claimed to have located four anchors on the south side of the Munxar Reef at 15 fathoms, or 90 feet of water. These interviews are the author’s prime evidence for Paul’s shipwreck. To be more precise, Mr. Cornuke located four anchor stocks, a stock being one part of a whole anchor.Before discussing the six anchor stocks that allegedly were discovered, a description of a wooden Roman anchor is necessary.

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10 Mar 11 12 Quick Tips For Eye Shadow

12 Quick Tips For Eye ShadowBy: Ali Khan .... Click author's name to view profile and articles!!!Retargeting by ChangoTweet The makeup is as important to the finished look as the clothes you wear, the fact that it really is much more important. We all spotted women who had no clue how to apply eye shadow. But I've also seen women who know how to apply it properly and they look up, and beautiful. You do not want such a woman? Of course - and we will get some top tips, so do just that.Great news - putting your eye shadow is not exactly very difficult at all. This is really just a matter of finding the right technique and look for you and your personal style. Do not worry if it takes a few tries to get it right. Check out the following tips:1.Always apply a base coat of the eye as you make the other cheek. Loose work force, or you can apply the foundation to the eye area. This also gives you a nice palette to work with.2.Blend, blend, then blend a bit. I can not stress this enough. Try an experiment. Blend one eye, then use the brush and apply to the other eye. You will instantly know what I'm talking about, and never forget to blend again.3.If you want dramatic eyes, eye shadow brush, dip it into water, then the shadow, then apply. This gives a much deeper, more dramatic color.4.If you have blue eyes, wear purple, violet, taupe, gray, blue, and black. Funky colors include fuchsia, turquoise and silver.5.If you have green eyes, wear purple, violet, forest green, brown, khaki and a. Funky colors include light green, gold, purple and clear.6.If you have brown eyes, wear, champagne, copper, brown, apricot, khaki, and beige. Funky colors include royal blue, tangerine, pink hand.7.Everyone can wear a navy blue, powder blue, and charcoal. Fun colors include silver.8.Apply a lighter shade to the inner corner of the eye, to reflect in your eyes and look younger.9.If you want your eyes to the greater use of light color of the inner corner and a darker shade near the center of the eye.10.Practice until you get down to the application of eye shadow science. If you get good, the make up will look more natural and sophisticated.11.Applies only to the dark shadow of the eyelid, the eyelash line to the crease of the eyelid. Apply the medium shade just below the eyelid crease to the brow bone.12.Highlight along the brow bone. This makes the features stand out in this so naturally and beautifully.So there you have it. With these top tips on what we already know how to apply eye shadow will look like the best.Do not forget that while practicing all these steps must be taken to realize that what works best for you. Practice alone, practice with a friend, or if it is easier to ask someone else's opinion.And one more thing. If you make your face looking youthful results for the anti-wrinkle creams, you can make up for all that you will be so much better.So it goes, and you will receive a beautiful immediately!Article Source: abcarticledirectoryWe provide you with many free tips on Health, Beauty, Weight Loss and Fitness, e in and learn, Beautify yourself. Beauty Tips Health Tips Weight Loss TipsNote: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, Ali KhanRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Auditing via RSS!Additional Articles From - Home Accounting AuditingWhat you need to know about Auditing from the experts.- By : john newportCulture and business proposition- By : foxhatsNavigating Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions- By : Sawyer AdamsAbout The National Association Of Enrolled Agents (NAEA)- By : Sawyer AdamsThe History Of Enrolled Agents- By : Sawyer AdamsThe Canon Sd780is Black Silver Gold Red - Very Nice Christmas Gift- By : ArticleSubmit AutoIRS Increasing Enforcement Activity- By : Sawyer AdamsDestination Military Surplus Products- By : Ali Khan5 Tips For Getting The Right Health Insurance For Your Needs- By : danica10 Simple Steps To A Clearer Skin- By : Ali Khan Still Searching? Last Chance to find what you're looking for. Try using Bing Search!

5 Mar 11 Using Social Networking Sites For Affiliate Marketing

Using Social Networking Sites For Affiliate MarketingBy: Daniel Alan .... Click author's name to view profile and articles!!!Retargeting by ChangoTweet You might not know this, but social networking sites aren't just for teenagers anymore. In fact, social networking sites have evolved into something different altogether than what they once were networks composed mainly of teenage girls.Today, social networking sites span the spectrum of demographic groups. While teenagers are still more apt to use them than older people, there are now niche social networking sites, NHL Shop
which target people who all share some common interest, such as a skateboarding or investing.Now, in addition to teenagers and adults, social networks are increasingly becoming used by another group businesses. That's right: many businesses are now infiltrating social networks to advertise in some subtle manner and then replicate their message through systems that are already available within the social network.The most prominent social network is MySpace, which boasts a membership base of 1.06 hundred million (and still growing!).If the affiliate product you are selling has a broad appeal, you may want to use MySpace to market your product, as you will be able to reach the largest crowd quickly.Now, there are a number of different ways in which you can market your affiliate product through MySpace. One way is to setup a profile, purchase what is called an adder and then begin adding friends to your list on a daily basis.Depending on your goals, you may want to add a personal profile for yourself and then talk about your business/product on your page; or you may want to simply create a profile for your business and use that to market your product.While you can send out bulletins advertising your product through MySpace, this is generally discouraged by the MySpace staff and could lead to your getting banned. It is probably a good idea to avoid this; instead, post related bulletins that don't advertise your product, but talk about something similar.This will drive interested visitors to your page, where they can learn more about the affiliate product you are selling. Note, however, that you will have to link to a non-affiliate page, as affiliate links are expressly forbid on MySpace.Once you have had some experience marketing to the MySpace crowd, you will want to consider looking at other social networking sites.One other large site is Friendster. Bear in mind though, that this site is generally very popular in South-East Asia and other Asian countries.Facebook is another large social networking site, which caters specifically to college and high school students. You will also want to look for niche networking sites, which will afford you an opportunity to capture a more targeted audience.Whichever sites you decide to use, keep the following in mind: your goal should be to develop a network of people who Montreal Canadiens jersey
share a common interest and could potentially be interested in your specific product.For this reason, it is always a good idea to think long term (i.e. don't do things that are going to get you banned); instead, concentrate on building your network and introducing them to your affiliate product.Article Source: http://www.shop-on-sale.com Daniel Alan is the creator of the Perfect Path To Wealth system and an expert at making money online.The Perfect Path To Wealth Affiliate Program is one of the best choices for affiliate marketing offering $33.90 per sale, which is a 75% commission. It is one of the best converting programs around and is free to join.Note: The content of this article solely conveys the opinion of its author, Daniel AlanRetargeting by ChangoDid You Like This Article? Share It With YourFriends!Please Rate this Article 5 out of 54 out of 53 out of 52 out of 51 out of 5 Not yet Rated Click the XML Icon to Receive Free Articles About Affiliate Programs What Cloth Diaper Provides The Top Match For Newborns?- By : mirtagaylWhat is Affiliate Marketing and Why You Should Do It?- By : James A AndersonEarning Money Quickly With Email Marketing - True or False?- By : chad buistMoney Creating Tips For Individuals Involved In An Online Affiliate Marketing Home Business- By : Johnny Canadiens jersey
BarrellGlobal Success Club And How To Make Money Online- By : Don SeanMake Cash Over The Internet With Affiliate Marketing- By : Leroy WheelerWhich Affiliate Networks To Look Out For When Promoting ?- By : Elsa Braxton Still Searching? Last Chance to find what you're looking for. Try using Bing Search!

24 Jan 11 Michigan Football: What to Expect When The Wolverines March Into Bloomington

Ben Chappell has been very good for Indiana so far in 2010.Andy Lyons/Getty ImagesThere's the uncanny familiarity wafting through the air around Ann Arbor. The 4-0 start, the last-second win over ND, the Heisman candidate, and the Big Ten opener (which happened to be against an undefeated Indiana). Rich Rod is 2-0 in Big Ten openers, a 27-25 triumph over Wisconsin in 2008 [the 2nd biggest comeback in Michigan history] and last year, a 36-33 shootout with these very Hoosiers. The only difference this time around is this is the first Big Ten opener on the road. So what exactly should we expect when the Wolverines invade Bloomington this Saturday? The DramaIn an interesting plot twist, Michigan's punter, Will Hagerup, will be facing his older brother Chris, who is Indiana's punter. Michigan's defensive Reebok Pittsburg Steelers #83 Heath Miller Realtree camo Jersey
lineman Jibreel Black is Hoosier lineman Larry Black's brother. Whoever would have thought that we would be redefining sibling rivalry this week? OverviewBoth teams walk in with, for lack of a better word, sexy offenses. The pistol has been kind to the Hoosiers and senior QB Ben Chappell is making some noise (never mind it was against three of the worst teams in college football). At a 72.4 percent completion rate and no INTs, he's looking quite studly out there. Indiana has a talented corp of receivers that will likely do a number on the Michigan secondary.Michigan's offense is rolling. It hasn't slowed down since the first game, and in fact, it's become faster. If what Michigan did to Bowling Green last Saturday was any indication of how this offense is going to run through the conference, then I suspect many Big Ten coaches are sleeping just a bit less.Michigan amassed 721 yards of total offense, just five short of the record they set last year against Delaware State. At least this was an FBS school. The defenses are both suspect, which means we've got the stage set for another barn-burner. Michigan's Rush Attack vs. Indiana's Rush DefenseMichigan comes to town sporting the nations No. 1 offense in the nation, amassing 2251 yards in the first four games (for about 563 yards/game). More pertinent, however, is that Michigan has the second-best rushing attack in the nation behind Air Force. The Wolverines finished last game with 466 yards on the ground, and are currently averaging 333 rushing yards per game. This doesn't bode well for an Indiana team that has one of the least desirable rushing defenses in the nation. Indiana comes in at No. 92, allowing 177 yards per game on the ground to their opponents.How will the game turn out on Saturday?How will the game turn out on Saturday?Indiana in a blowout0%Indiana by some0%Indiana by a little0%Michigan by a little0%Michigan covers spread (10.5)0%Michigan in a blowout0%Total votes: 0And how did the Hoosiers wind up 92nd in the nation at defending the run? By playing FCS Towson, Western Kentucky, and Akron.Sounds respectable? Think again. Towson, Western Kentucky, and Akron have combined for just one win (they're 1-11 altogether), the lone victory being Towson's in five OT against Coastal Carolina. Western Kentucky is on a 24-game losing streak, and Akron is a lower-tier winless MAC opponent. Michigan's rushing attack is commanded by Denard Robinson, the nation's leading rusher. Behind Robinson are capable backs in Vincent Smith, Stephen Hopkins (especially for goal line plays), and Mike Cox. The only thing benefiting Indiana in this category is that starter Mike Shaw is out this week with an injury. Edge: MICHIGAN Michigan's Pass Attack vs. Indiana's Pass DefenseMichigan's pass attack has not been as stellar as the run Arizona Cardinals jersey
attack, but it is still formidable. Starting QB Denard Robinson owns a 71.3 percent completion percentage and has tossed the ball for 731 yards and 4 TDs while throwing one INT. Not too shabby for a QB who used to be a run-only option.Roy Roundtree (pictured), Martavious Odoms, and Darryl Stonum are emerging as a triple-threat at receiver for Michigan.Gregory Shamus/Getty ImagesOkay, so Michigan's pass attack is established. Indiana has done sufficiently well defending the pass, allowing just 161 yards per game. This statistic is deceiving. First of all, Indiana hasn't faced a receiving corp as talented as Michigan's, and secondly, teams that face Indiana aren't passing because they're having success running the ball. If Indiana gets too caught up in trying to stop Denard from running, he likely won't have a problem finding open receivers. Roy Roundtree, Darryl Stonum, Kelvin Grady, and company present a real threat down the field and should be enough to keep Indiana's unproven secondary occupied. Edge: MICHIGAN Indiana's Rushing Attack vs. Michigan's Rushing DefenseIndiana has failed to establish a running game so far this year. Indiana's running back Darius Willis tore Michigan up for 152 yards in last year's meeting, but he has since been unable to duplicate that effort. Combine that with Michigan coming off of allowing just 32 yards to BGSU and their good RB (Willie Geter), and Indiana looks to be in trouble. In four games, Willis has managed 219 yards and two TDs, good for 54.75 yards/game. This kind of production will be met with significant resistance from the Michigan's front four. Linebacker play has improved substantially for the Wolverines after Greg Robinson took over the unit. It is, by no means perfect, but combine that with Mike Martin and a defensive line holding their own, and it looks like Indiana might not have a chance to get anything going on the ground.Tandon Doss just may be the best receiver in the Big Ten.Andy Lyons/Getty ImagesEdge: MICHIGAN Indiana's Pass Attack vs. Michigan's Pass DefenseIf Indiana is going to beat Michigan, it is going to be through the air. Expect the Hoosier pass attack to come often. Leading the aerial attack is senior QB Ben Chappell, who has been very impressive in his first four outings this season. He boasts a 72.4 percent completion rate, good for 890 yards and nine TDs. Oh, and he hasn't thrown an interception at all this year. Actually, Indiana has never turned the ball over this year, but I digress. Michigan's secondary has accurately been described as the Achilles' heel of this Michigan team. This is true, and the unit will prevent Michigan from otherwise doing something quite special this season. Expect the mistakes to continue from the Wolverines secondary; they are well intentioned, but mistakes nonetheless.Chappell is undoubtedly the best QB this young secondary will be up against, and the Hoosiers have excellent receivers in Doss, Turner, and Lynch. In fact, Tandon Doss may be the best receiver in the conference now after Purdue's Keith Smith went down with an injury. Edge: INDIANASpecial TeamsWell, we didn't learn much about Michigan's special teams last week as Michigan cruised to 31 first downs, never having to punt. Michigan was never forced to kick a field goal either (*sigh of relief*). Atlanta Falcons jersey
Michigan's punting is inconsistent (Will Hagerup averages 39 yards per punt, but owns punts of 53 and 51 yards). The coverage is, well, average on kicks and punts. Overall, it's nothing to write home about. I think the game plan for the Wolverines is to never have to use their special teams units. Indiana is in a similar boat: field goal woes (not nearly as bad), a punter who's average isn't the greatest, and the loss of return threat Ray Fisher. I wouldn't expect anyone to really impress on special teams in this game. Edge: INDIANA (slightly) PredictionMICH 42, Indiana 32